Emergence of cryptic species and clades of Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complex exhibiting limited in vitro susceptibility to antifungals in patients with candidemia.

Members of the Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complex are able to cause superficial and life-threatening systemic infections with low susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins. We tested 130 bloodstream M. guilliermondii complex isolates collected from eight Latin American medical centers over 18 years (period 1 = 2000-2008 and period 2 = 2009-2018) to investigate trends in species distribution and antifungal resistance. The isolates were identified by rDNA ITS region sequencing, and antifungal susceptibility tests were performed against fluconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, and amphotericin B using the CLSI microbroth method. M. guilliermondii sensu stricto (s.s.; n = 116) was the most prevalent species, followed by Meyerozyma caribbica (n = 12) and Meyerozyma carpophila (n = 2). Based on rDNA ITS identification, three clades within M. guilliermondii sensu stricto were characterized (clade 1 n = 94; clade 2 n = 19; and clade 3 n = 3). In the second period of study, we found a substantial increment in the isolation of M. caribbica (3.4% versus 13.8%; P = 0.06) and clade 2 M. guilliermondii s.s. exhibiting lower susceptibility to one or more triazoles. IMPORTANCE Yeast-invasive infections play a relevant role in human health, and there is a concern with the emergence of non-Candida pathogens causing disease worldwide. There is a lack of studies addressing the prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of different species within the M. guilliermondii complex that cause invasive infections. We evaluated 130 episodes of M. guilliermondii species complex candidemia documented in eight medical centers over 18 years. We detected the emergence of less common species within the Meyerozyma complex causing candidemia and described a new clade of M. guilliermondii with limited susceptibility to triazoles. These results support the relevance of continued global surveillance efforts to early detect, characterize, and report emergent fungal pathogens exhibiting limited susceptibility to antifungals.

Understanding the Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida: Using Whole-Genome Sequencing to Describe the Population Structure of Candida haemulonii Species Complex.

The recent emergence of a multidrug-resistant yeast, Candida auris, has drawn attention to the closely related species from the Candida haemulonii complex that include C. haemulonii, Candida duobushaemulonii, Candida pseudohaemulonii, and the recently identified Candida vulturna. Here, we used antifungal susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate drug resistance and genetic diversity among isolates of C. haemulonii complex from different geographic areas in order to assess population structure and the extent of clonality among strains. Although most isolates of all four species were genetically distinct, we detected evidence of the in-hospital transmission of C. haemulonii and C. duobushaemulonii in one hospital in Panama, indicating that these species are also capable of causing outbreaks in healthcare settings. We also detected evidence of the rising azole resistance among isolates of C. haemulonii and C. duobushaemulonii in Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela linked to substitutions in ERG11 gene as well as amplification of this gene in C. haemulonii in isolates in Colombia suggesting the presence of evolutionary pressure for developing azole resistance in this region. Our results demonstrate that these species need to be monitored as possible causes of outbreaks of invasive infection.

Gerencia de diagnóstico y vigilancia epidemiológica del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel": Una década de avances y logros / Diagnostic and epidemiological surveillance management The National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel": A decade of advances and achievements

Buscando en los registros de las principales actividades de la Gerencia de Diagnóstico y Vigilancia Epidemiológica ha sido difícil elegir entre tantas vivencias, aquellos elementos que marcaron pauta durante la década 2008 ­ 2018. No obstante, es de resaltar que los desafíos afrontados ante la aparición de brotes, epidemias y la primera pandemia del siglo XXI, trajeron consigo un cúmulo de experiencias que se presentan en este artículo. Como centro nacional de referencia en las áreas de Bacteriología, Micología y Virología, continuamos aportando soluciones a la salud pública nacional mediante la actualización profesional de nuestro personal y la formación de la generación de relevo, en la que participan profesionales de excelencia, altamente especializados y sensibilizados con la problemática y los requerimientos de nuestra población. Asimismo, a través de la coordinación, supervisión y evaluación de la Red de laboratorios de salud pública, se contribuye con el fortalecimiento del diagnóstico de enfermedades transmisibles y vigilancia epidemiológica en el país. El trabajo realizado en estos diez años ha sido excelente, crucial y prioritario para enfrentar las emergencias. Debemos seguir trabajando en dos aspectos claves: 1. Mayor integración del laboratorio con el componente epidemiológico y clínico del país para ser más útiles al sistema de salud, y 2. Consolidar la creación del edificio sede del Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Transmisibles del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR), proyecto en el que estamos trabajando con la asesoría de la OPS/OMS.

Looking at the records of the main activities of the Diagnostic and Epidemiological Surveillance Management, it has been difficult to choose between many experiences, those elements that set the standard during the 2008 ­ 2018 decade. However, it is noteworthy that the challenges faced with the emergence of outbreaks, epidemics and the first pandemic of the 21st century, brought with it a wealth of experiences that are presented in this article. As a national reference center in Bacteriology, Mycology and Virology areas, we continue to provide solutions to public health through the professional updating of our staff and formation of the relief generation, in which participate professionals of excellence, highly specialized and sensitized with the problems and requirements of our population. Likewise, through the coordination, supervision and evaluation of the public health laboratories network, it contributes to the strengthening of the communicable diseases diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance in the country. The work done in these ten years has been excellent, crucial and priority to face emergencies. We must continue working on two key aspects: 1. Greater laboratory integration with the epidemiological and clinical component of the country to be more useful to the health system, and 2. Consolidate headquarters building creation of the National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR) Diagnostic Center for Communicable Diseases, project in which we are working with the PAHO / WHO advice.

Identificación molecular y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos de aislamientos de sangre del complejo Candida parapsilosis en Venezuela / Molecular identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of blood isolates of the Candida parapsilosis species complex in Venezuela

Antecedentes. Candida parapsilosis constituye un complejo de especies formado por Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis y Candida metapsilosis. Estudios a nivel mundial han descrito su epidemiología y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos. Objetivos. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron identificar molecularmente aislamientos de sangre del complejo Candida parapsilosis y determinar su sensibilidad in vitro a los antifúngicos de uso sistémico. Métodos. Se estudiaron 86 aislamientos del complejo C. parapsilosis, provenientes de la Red de Vigilancia de Candidemia del Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel, recogidos en el periodo 2008-2011. Se realizó la amplificación del gen de la deshidrogenasa alcohólica secundaria por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y los productos fueron analizados mediante los polimorfismos de la longitud de sus fragmentos de restricción, mediante el uso de la enzima BanI. Las pruebas de sensibilidad se realizaron mediante Etest® según las instrucciones del fabricante, con modificaciones. Resultados. De los 86 aislamientos estudiados, 81 (94,2%) fueron C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 4 (4,6%) C. orthopsilosis y uno (1,2%) C. metapsilosis. C. parapsilosis fue sensible a la anfotericina B y la caspofungina, y su porcentaje de resistencia al fluconazol y el voriconazol fue bajo. C. orthopsilosis y C. metapsilosis fueron sensibles a todos los antifúngicos probados. Conclusiones. Los resultados aportaron por primera vez en Venezuela información importante sobre la distribución del complejo C. parapsilosis en casos de candidemia, y apoyan la necesidad de continuar con los programas de vigilancia, incluyendo la discriminación molecular de las especies y las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos, que permitirán orientar la terapia específica (AU)

Background. Candida parapsilosis is a species complex consisting of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis. Studies worldwide have described its epidemiology and susceptibility to antifungal agents. Aims. The aims of this study were to carry out the molecular identification of blood isolates belonging to the Candida parapsilosis species complex, and to determine their in vitro susceptibility to antifungals of systemic use. Methods. A study of 86 strains of C. parapsilosis species complex collected in 2008-2011 and obtained from the Candidaemia Surveillance Network of Mycology Department of the Rafael Rangel National Institute of Hygiene, was made. Secondary alcohol-dehydrogenase gene amplification was performed using polymerase chain reaction, and the products were analysed by restriction fragments length polymorphisms using the enzyme BanI. Susceptibility tests were performed using Etest®, following the manufacturer's instructions with modifications. Results. Of the 86 isolates studied, 81 (94.2%) were C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 4 (4.6%) C. orthopsilosis, and one (1.2%) C. metapsilosis. C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and caspofungin, showing low rates of resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole. C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis were susceptible to all the antifungals tested. Conclusions. The results obtained in Venezuela provide for the first time important information about the distribution of C. parapsilosis species complex in cases of candidaemia, and support the need for continuing surveillance programs, including molecular discrimination of species and antifungal susceptibility tests, which may guide specific therapy (AU)

[Molecular identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of blood isolates of the Candida parapsilosis species complex in Venezuela]. / Identificación molecular y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos de aislamientos de sangre del complejo Candida parapsilosis en Venezuela.

BACKGROUND: Candida parapsilosis is a species complex consisting of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis. Studies worldwide have described its epidemiology and susceptibility to antifungal agents. AIMS: The aims of this study were to carry out the molecular identification of blood isolates belonging to the Candida parapsilosis species complex, and to determine their in vitro susceptibility to antifungals of systemic use. METHODS: A study of 86 strains of C. parapsilosis species complex collected in 2008-2011 and obtained from the Candidaemia Surveillance Network of Mycology Department of the Rafael Rangel National Institute of Hygiene, was made. Secondary alcohol-dehydrogenase gene amplification was performed using polymerase chain reaction, and the products were analysed by restriction fragments length polymorphisms using the enzyme BanI. Susceptibility tests were performed using Etest®, following the manufacturer's instructions with modifications. RESULTS: Of the 86 isolates studied, 81 (94.2%) were C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 4 (4.6%) C. orthopsilosis, and one (1.2%) C. metapsilosis. C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and caspofungin, showing low rates of resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole. C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis were susceptible to all the antifungals tested. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in Venezuela provide for the first time important information about the distribution of C. parapsilosis species complex in cases of candidaemia, and support the need for continuing surveillance programs, including molecular discrimination of species and antifungal susceptibility tests, which may guide specific therapy.

[Superficial mycoses: casuistry of the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel", Caracas, Venezuela (2001-2014)]. / Micosis superficiales: casuística del Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel", Caracas, Venezuela (2001-2014).

The superficial mycoses are very common infectious diseases and therefore are a frequent reason for medical consultation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic frequency of superficial mycoses in the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" during 14 years (2001-2014). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to review the mycological records of patients with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycosis. Nails, hairs and epidermal scales were the processed samples. The identification of fungi was performed by macro and microscopic observation of colonies and biochemical and physiological tests, as required of the isolated agent. For the investigation of Malassezia spp. only direct examination was performed. Of the 3 228 samples processed, 1 098 (34%) were positive and their distribution according to the etiological agent was: dermatophytes 79.5%; 10.9% yeasts; non-dermatophytes fungi 5.1% and 4.5% Malassezia spp. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum Complex (70.1%), followed by T mentagrophytes complex (15.1%), Microsporum canis (9.4%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). The most frequent ringworms Were: Tinea unguium (66.8%), followed by Tineapedis (16.4%) and Tinea capitis (8.1%). Candida parapsilosis complex (37.5%) was the most frequently isolated yeast and Fusarium spp. (53.6%) was the most isolated among non-dermatophyte fungi, followed by Aspergillus spp. (19.6%) and Acremonium spp. (10.7%). The identification of the etiological agent is essential to guide appropriate treatment. This study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country.

Micosis superficiales: casuística del Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel”, Caracas,Venezuela (2001-2014) / Superficial mycoses: casuistry of the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel”, Caracas, Venezuela (2001-2014)

Las micosis superficiales son muy comunes y por ello son motivo de consulta médica frecuente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la frecuencia de diagnóstico de las micosis superficiales en el Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” en Caracas, Venezuela, durante 14 años (2001-2014). Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo de revisión de historias micológicas de pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de micosis superficial. Las muestras procesadas fueron uñas, pelos y escamas epidérmicas. La identificación de los hongos se realizó mediante observación macro y microscópica de las colonias y pruebas de identificación bioquímicas y fisiológicas, según requerimiento del agente aislado. Para la investigación de Malassezia spp. solo se realizó examen directo. De las 3228 muestras procesadas, 1098 (34%) resultaron positivas y su distribución según el agente etiológico fue: 79,5% dermatofitos; 10,9% levaduras; 5,1% hongos no dermatofitos y 4,5% Malassezia spp. El dermatofito más aislado fue el Complejo Trichophyton rubrum (70,1%), seguido del Complejo T. mentagrophytes (15,1%), Microsporum canis (9,4%) y Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). Las tiñas más frecuentes fueron: Tinea unguium (66,8%), seguida de Tinea pedis (16,4%) y Tinea capitis (8,1%). En el grupo de levaduras el Complejo Candida parapsilosis (37,5%) fue el más aislado y entre los hongos no dermatofitos el más frecuente fue Fusarium spp. (53,6%), seguido de Aspergillus spp. (19,6%) y Acremonium spp. (10,7%). La identificación del agente etiológico es fundamental para orientar un tratamiento adecuado. Esta casuística constituye un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la epidemiología de las micosis superficiales en nuestro país.

The superficial mycoses are very common infectious diseases and therefore are a frequent reason for medical consultation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic frequency of superficial mycoses in the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” during 14 years (2001-2014). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to review the mycological records of patients with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycosis. Nails, hairs and epidermal scales were the processed samples. The identification of fungi was performed by macro and microscopic observation of colonies and biochemical and physiological tests, as required of the isolated agent. For the investigation of Malassezia spp. only direct examination was performed. Of the 3 228 samples processed, 1 098 (34%) were positive and their distribution according to the etiological agent was: dermatophytes 79.5%; 10.9% yeasts; non-dermatophytes fungi 5.1% and 4.5% Malassezia spp. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum Complex (70.1%), followed by T. mentagrophytes complex (15.1%), Microsporum canis (9.4%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). The most frequent ringworms were: Tinea unguium (66.8%), followed by Tinea pedis (16.4%) and Tinea capitis (8.1%). Candida parapsilosis complex (37.5%) was the most frequently isolated yeast and Fusarium spp. (53.6%) was the most isolated among non-dermatophyte fungi, followed by Aspergillus spp. (19.6%) and Acremonium spp. (10.7%). The identification of the etiological agent is essential to guide appropriate treatment. This study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country.

Frecuencia y perfil de sensibilidad in vitro de aislamientos del Complejo Candida parapsilosis provenientes de pacientes con candidemias / Frequency and in vitro susceptibility profile of Candida parapsilosis Complex isolates from patients with candidemia

El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la frecuencia y el perfil de sensibilidad in vitro de aislamientos del Complejo Candida parapsilosis provenientes de casos de candidemias. Se estudiaron 754 cepas (Periodo 2008-2011), de la Red de Vigilancia de Candidemia del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel”. La identificación de las cepas se realizó por pruebas fenotípicas. La sensibilidad in vitro a los antifúngicos se evaluó por el método de Etest® y se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria a anfotericina B (AB), caspofungina (CS), fluconazol (FZ), y voriconazol (VZ). Se calcularon los puntos de corte epidemiológicos (PCE) y los rangos de cepas salvajes (PS) para cada antifúngico. El 43,6% de las cepas (n=328) fueron identificadas como Complejo C. parapsilosis; todas fueron sensibles a AB y presentaron bajos porcentajes de resistencia a FZ (4,3%), VZ (1,2%) y CS (0,6%). Los PCE y los rangos de PS (en µg/mL) fueron: FZ: 2/0,03-2; VZ y AB: 0,06/0,002-0,06 y CS: 0,5/0,002-0,5 respectivamente. Los resultados de este estudio aportaron información importante sobre el comportamiento del Complejo C. parapsilosis frente a los antifúngicos más utilizados en el tratamiento de las candidemias.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and in vitro susceptibility profile of Candida parapsilosis Complex isolates from patients with candidemia. Seven hundred and fifty four (754) strains (Period 2008-2011), from the Candidemia Surveillance Network of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” were studied. The strains identification was performed by phenotypic methods. In vitro antifungal susceptibility was evaluated by the Etest® method and minimum inhibitory concentration for amphotericin B (AB), caspofungin (CS), fluconazole (FZ), and voriconazole (VZ) was determined. Epidemiological cut off values (ECV) and ranges for wild type strains (WT) were also calculated for each antifungal. Forty three point six (43.6%) of the isolates (n=328) belonged to C. parapsilosis Complex; all of them were susceptible to AB and showed low resistance percentages to FZ (4.3%), VZ (1.2%) and CS (0.6%). The ECV and WT strains ranges (in mcg/mL) were: FZ: 2/0.03-2; VZ and AB: 0.06/0.002-0.06 and CS: 0.5/0.002-0.5 respectively. The results of this study provided important information about the behavior of the C. parapsilosis Complex against the most commonly antifungal agents used for the treatment of candidemias.

Micoteca del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel”: 60 años preservando la biodiversidad fúngica de interés médico / Fungal collection of the National Institute of Hygiene “Rafael Rangel”: 60 years preserving fungal biodiversity of medical interest in Venezuela

La Micoteca del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) fue creada en el año 1955 y es la colección de hongos microscópicos autóctonos más grande y representativa del país. Cuenta con 2.500 cepas pertenecientes a 77 géneros y 165 especies de hongos y actinomicetos, de importancia médica, epidemiológica, industrial e histórica, preservados por duplicado bajo los métodos de agua por Castellani y aceite mineral. La colección tiene presencia a nivel internacional a través del catálogo y la página web del Centro Venezolano de Colecciones de Microorganismos (CVCM), que a su vez está afiliada a la Federación Mundial de Colecciones de Cultivos (WFCC). Además, a través de su membresía a la Federación Latinoamericana de Colecciones de Cultivos (FELACC), sus datos están disponibles en la página web de la Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (AAM). La conservación de hongos microscópicos es fundamental, debido a su importancia en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y a su impacto en la vida del hombre. Esta Micoteca garantiza la preservación ex situ de la biodiversidad fúngica. Sus características la consolidan como una unidad cónsona con las exigencias de los ámbitos científico, tecnológico y docente, para el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas, particularmente en el área de medicina.

The fungal collection (Mycothec) of the National Institute of Hygiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) was created in 1,955 and is the largest and more representative collection of the country’s indigenous microscopic fungi. It has 2,500 strains belonging to 77 genera and 165 species of fungi and actinomycetes retaining medical, epidemiological, industrial and historical importance, preserved by duplicate under water by Castellani and mineral oil methods. The collection has international presence through the catalog and the website of the Venezuelan Center of Microorganism Collections (CVCM), which in turn belongs to the World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC). In addition, through its membership to the Latin American Federation of Culture Collections (FELACC) the data are accessible on the website of the Argentinian Association of Microbiology (AAM). The conservation of microscopic fungi is essential, due to its importance in the ecosystems functioning and their impact on human life. This Mycothec guarantee the ex situ conservation of fungal biodiversity. Its characteristics consolidate it as a consonant unit with the requirements of scientific, technological, and educational areas for the development of scientific research, particularly in the ​​medicine area.

Susceptibilidad in vitro a cinco antifúngicos de aislamientos del Complejo Fusarium solani provenientes de úlceras corneales / In vitro susceptibility to five antifungals of Fusarium solani Complex isolates obtained from corneal ulcers

El Complejo Fusarium solani (CFS) se encuentra distribuido en la naturaleza, causando un amplio espectro de infecciones en los humanos, desde superficiales, como la queratitis, hasta infecciones fúngicas invasoras, caracterizándose por su resistencia a los antimicóticos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la susceptibilidad in vitro del CFS frente a cinco antifúngicos. Se utilizaron 30 aislados obtenidos de úlceras corneales provenientes de la colección de cultivos del Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” y se siguió el protocolo descrito en el documento M38-A2 del Instituto de Estándares Clínicos y de Laboratorio (CLSI), determinando las Concentraciones Mínimas Inhibitorias (CMI) por microdilución en caldo para anfotericina B, itraconazol, posaconazol, voriconazol y fluconazol. En general, todas las drogas presentaron CMI elevadas, siendo voriconazol y anfotericina B los antifúngicos que exhibieron mejor actividad, mientras que itraconazol, posaconazol y fluconazol mostraron actividad nula. Los resultados de este estudio aportaron información importante sobre el comportamiento del CFS frente a los antifúngicos de uso común en la práctica clínica por primera vez en Venezuela. Es imprescindible que el médico conozca la actividad de estas drogas para poder tomar decisiones y orientar una conducta terapéutica adecuada.

The Fusarium solani Complex (FSC) is distributed in nature, producing a wide spectrum of infections in humans, from superficial ones such as keratitis, to invasive fungal infections, characterized by their resistance to antimycotics. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of the FSC to five antifungals. We used 30 isolates obtained from corneal ulcers kept at the culture collection of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” and we followed the protocol described in the M38-A2 document of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) determining the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) by broth microdilution for amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole. In general, all the drugs presented high MICs, voriconazole and amphotericin B being the antifungals which showed the best activity, while itraconazole, posaconazole and fluconazole showed a null activity. The results of this study provided, for the first time in Venezuela, important information about the behavior of the FSC towards commonly used antifungals. It is mandatory that physicians know the activity of these drugs in order to be able to take decisions and devise an guide an appropriate therapeutic management.

MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations of amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and terbinafine in Sporothrix schenckii.

The in vitro susceptibility of 62 isolates of Sporothrix schenckii in its mycelial form, from Latin-American countries (Peru, Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay) and Spain, to amphotericin B (AB), itraconazole (IZ), posaconazole (PZ) and terbinafine (TB) was determined by measuring the MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) using a standardized Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute method. In general, TB was the most active drug, with the lowest geometric mean (GM) MIC and MFC values amongst isolates from the five countries tested. IZ and PZ showed almost the same activity against all strains tested, except for isolates from Uruguay where IZ gave the highest GM MIC (10.68 mg l(-1)). AB showed the widest MIC range (0.03-16.0 mg l(-1)); however, this drug was less active against 79 % of isolates (MICs above 1 mg l(-1)). MFCs were 5 to 20 times higher than the MICs, but the lowest GM MFC and range values were found for TB. IZ and PZ gave the highest GM MFC. MFC may be a better predictor of therapeutic response than MIC, especially in immunosuppressed patients, making the use of IZ and PZ an inappropriate treatment. There were some differences in susceptibility according to the geographical source of the isolates, with the MIC being lower for TB in Venezuelan strains (P=0.066) and the MFC higher for PZ in Peruvian strains (P=0.02). Thus, geographical origin may be important for appropriate treatment, and may relate to the identification of species of the S. schenckii complex.

Candida spp. in vitro susceptibility profile to four antifungal agents. Resistance surveillance study in Venezuelan strains.

The aim of this study was to determine in vitro susceptibility profiles of Venezuelan strains of Candida spp. to four antifungal agents. One hundred and forty five (145) isolates were recovered during a 1-year period (June 2006 to June 2007) from clinical specimens of patients with severe Candida spp. infections in 15 hospitals. In vitro susceptibilities to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole were determined by modified Etest. Non Candida albicans Candida spp. were the most frequently isolated yeasts (72.4%) in comparison with C. albicans (27.6%). Candida spp. strains showed MIC ranges between <0.002 and 0.5 mug/ml to amphotericin B. While none were found to be resistant to voriconazole, 5.5% and 27.6% of the test strains were resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. C. albicans remains the most susceptible of the yeasts studied to fluconazole and itraconazole (P<0.05) when compared with non C. albicans Candida spp. C. krusei showed the greater cross-resistance to azoles, followed by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, while C. albicans isolates did not demonstrate this characteristic. It is very important to carry out the correct species identification of clinical yeast isolates because they show up variations in both distribution and susceptibility profiles according to the hospital, patient's underlying disease, clinical specimen analyzed, and the geographical region in which the studies were conducted. The Mycology Department of the INHRR is the national reference center responsible for antifungal resistance surveillance, performing the susceptibility tests with isolates recovered from hospitalized patients in public health centres which do not have mycological diagnosis laboratories.

Diagnóstico inmunológico de las micosis sistémicas durante cinco años 2002-2006 / Immunodiagnosis of systemic mycosis during a five-year period 2002-2006

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia diagnóstica de las micosis sistémicas en el Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) durante 5 años (2002-2006). Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias micológicas en el período señalado y sólo se tomaron en cuenta los diagnósticos iniciales de las micosis detectadas, descartando los controles sucesivos. Las muestras (suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo) fueron procesadas por las técnicas de inmunodifusión doble y aglutinación con látex. De 7653 muestras, 409 (5,3%) resultaron positivas para el diagnóstico de micosis sistémicas. 39% (2990/7653) procedían de pacientes con VIH/SIDA, con 203/2990 (6,8%) casos positivos y 4663/7653 (61%) procedían de pacientes sin VIH/SIDA, con una positividad general de 4,4% (206/4663 casos). La histoplasmosis fue la micosis más frecuente en los pacientes con SIDA (67%), seguida de la criptococosis con 26,6%. La paracoccidioidomicosis se diagnosticó con mayor frecuencia en pacientes sin VIH/SIDA (54,4%), seguida de la histoplasmosis (32%) y la criptococosis (11,2%). La vigilancia epidemiológica de las micosis es esencial para fomentar los conocimientos sobre las mismas. El Departamento de Micología del INHRR funciona como centro de referencia para el diagnóstico micológico y realiza una parte importante de los estudios de estas enfermedades a escala nacional. La presentación de las revisiones de casuística en forma sistemática contribuye con el conocimiento de estas patologías en nuestro país.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic frequency of systemic mycoses at the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) during a five-year period (2002-2006). Mycology case histories during the mentioned period were revised retrospectively and only the initial diagnoses of the mycoses detected were considered, discarding successive controls. Samples (serum and spinal fluid) were processed by double immunodiffusion and latex agglutination techniques. Of 7653 samples, 409 (5,3%) were positive for systemic mycoses. Thirty nine percent (2990/7653) came from HIV/AIDS patients, with 203/2990 (6,8%) positives, and 4663/7653 (61%) from non HIV/AIDS patients, with a 4,4% (206/4663) general positivity. Histoplasmosis was the most frequent mycosis in AIDS patients (67%), followed by cryptococcosis with 26,6%. Paracoccidioidomycosis was diagnosed more frequently in non HIV/AIDS patients (54,4%), followed by histoplasmosis (32%) and cryptococcosis (11,2%). Epidemiological surveillance of mycoses is essential to improve knowledge regarding them. The Mycology Department of the INHRR functions as a reference center for mycological diagnosis and performs an important part of these studies at a national scale. The systematic presentation of case revisions contributes to the knowledge of these pathologies in our country.

Susceptibilidad in vitro de candida albicans a itraconazol y fluconazol: estudio comparativo por tres métodos / Susceptibility in vitro of candida albicans to itraconazole and fluconazole: comparative study by three methods

La frecuencia de las infecciones fúngicas se ha ido incrementando desde las últimas décadas debido a diferentes factores, tales como: la inmunodeficiencia por el VIH, el uso y abuso de antibióticos de amplio espectro, el incremento de infecciones fúngicas nocosomiales entre los pacientes con cáncer, cirugía, pacientes quemados y finalmente la prolongada vida de los pacientes con falla en el sistema inmune. El tratamiento para la candidiasis ha sido insatisfactorio debido al limitado número de drogas antifúngicas. El fluconazol e itraconazol son las mejores drogas azólicas usadas para el tratamiento de candidiasis. El fluconazol es un triazol, usado ampliamente para el tratamiento de micosis superficial (onicomicosis) y sistémicas. La aparición de cepas de candida albicans resistentes a las drogas antifúngicas hace necesario evaluar la susceptibilidad a las drogas antifúngicas más comúnmente usadas en nuestro medio: fluconazol e itraconazol. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la susceptibilidad in vitro de cepas de candida albicans aisladas de muestras biológicas a itraconazol y fluconazol. Se emplearon tres metodologías diferentes: E-TEST, difusión por disco y la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) en medio líquido, siguiendo las recomendaciones de la NCCLS

Candida albicans: susceptibilidad in vitro al fluconazol por el método del disco / Candida albicans: susceptibility in vitro to fluconazole for the disk method

La rapidez y precisión del diagnóstico de las infecciones causadas por levaduras, determina el éxito de la conducta terapéutica requerida en cada caso en particular. El objetivo del trabajo, fue determinar la influencia de la concentración de fluconazol en los ensayos de susceptibilidad ®in vitro¼ para candida albicans, utilizando el método del disco. Se prepararon discos de papel de filtro, de 6 mm de diámetro, impregnados con fluconazol en concentraciones de 50 y 25 ug/ml y se determinó la susceptibilidad a este antifúngico en 30 cepas de C. albicans aislados de muestras clínicas, utilizando agar Casitone y siguiendo la metodología del Instituto Pasteur de París. Se determinó que la concentración de 50 ug/ml es la adecuada para determinar la susceptibilidad de C. albicans al fluconazol, lo cual se correlaciona con el método de referencia Etest (AB Biodisc Suecia). El análisis estadístico mediante la prueba de ANOVA confirma que el método del disco es preciso y reproductible, lo cual permite recomendarlo como alternativa frente a otras metodologías

Micosis profundas sistémicas: casuística del Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene durante 17 años (1980-1996) / Sistemic mycosis: analysis of the mycotic systemics diseases of the Departament of Mycology of the National Higiene Institute during 17 years (1980-1996)

Durante 17 años (1980-1996) en el Departamento de Micología, del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" se procesaron 5.776 muestras clínicas para el diagnóstico de micosis profundas sistémicas (histoplasmosis paracoccidioidomicosis, coccidioidomicosis, aspergilosis y criptococosis) por medio de pruebas serológicas, aglutinación de latex y aislamiento del agente etiológico, según el caso: 352 muestras (6,1 por ciento) resultaron positivas. La revisión de la casuística de enfermedades micóticas sistémicas es de gran relevancia para el infectólogo, ya que su conocimiento le permite incrementar el diagnóstico y orientar mejor el tratamiento de los pacientes

Patogenicidad del Cryptococcus Neoformans Conservado en Agua, según Castellani / Pathogenicity of Cryptococcus Neoformans preserved in water, according to Castellani

Se estudio patogenicidad en ratones de cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans, preservadas 6 años según método de Castellani. Hubo diseminación en el 93 por ciento , siendo irritabilidad y "bigotitis" los signos más frecuentes. Fue más eficaz el exámen directo que el cultivo para demostrar criptococosis diseminada. El tamaño de la cápsula no varió significativamente en diversas condiciones, hallándose formas acapsuladas y mixtas, aún cuando se inocularon solo formas capsuladas. Concluimos que el hongo mantiene su patogenicidad al conservarse por el método de Castellani